Why Is It Called Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia

METAL MINING IN ECUADOR: PROPOSAL FOR THE CREATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL-MINING CITIES

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Dr. Augustine Paladins

PAPER

exploration of the country in a systematic and planned start in 1962 with the creation National Service of Geology. For four decades, Ecuadorian professionals with the initial cooperation of the United Nations geologists and geological after missions from England, Spain, Belgium, Germany and Japan, conducted a survey of more than 75% of the national geological map at 1: 100,000, and the basic examination and partly detailed in 26 mining projects located in different provinces. These projects now form part of the heritage of the National Mining Company, having been returned to the Ecuadorian State, through the adoption of the current Mining Law.

Also in the last two decades, some foreign firms, mainly Canadian, have made large investments in exploration for gold deposits, polymetallic and copper-molybdenum in the southern region of the country and the Sub-Andean zone. The results obtained with the discovery of new gold-silver belt and copper-molybdenum (genetically related to a continental volcanic arc of Jurassic age), are known worldwide. The most important deposits are located in the south east of the country, in the provinces of Zamora Chinchipe and Morona Santiago.

Exploration studies conducted so far show that Ecuador has a strong presence, measured metal ore, 30 million ounces of gold, 40 million ounces of silver, 30 billion pounds of copper, significant amounts of molybdenum real expectations of lead and zinc minerals. On this base metal ore in the country, it is necessary to promote a policy to produce metal to the stage of refining.

"In the operating contracts are signed, the Ecuadorian State shall require domestic and foreign companies, which share appropriate, be delivered in the form of gold bullion silver, copper and molybdenum, in order to facilitate their employment in different sectors of industry and give them added value.

irrational exploitation of nonrenewable resources

in the country so far only been explored and exploited what interested them to foreign companies: our oil, gold , silver, copper, antimony, pumice, etc., raw materials have been exported in raw form, without any added value.

However, what is worse is that despite being non-renewable resources, foreign companies exploit these resources in a greedy and unreasonable, so that large reserves of minerals and hydrocarbons were lost into the ground or were thrown into rivers, into the air and tailings.

The mining district of Portovelo-Zaruma was for 53 years 1900-1953, the most important gold district of South America (also it was during the colonial period). Initially it was the Great Zaruma Gold Mining and then the South American Development Company SADCO, the two foreign companies during that time, mines exploded in Portovelo only exceptionally gold and silver, while other associated elements such as copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, indium and germanium were thrown the tailings or the banks of the Yellow River that runs against the population.

Also, when reviewing the maps of underground work, or moves through the mine shafts, it is found that the only mineral exploited transnational high gold content, which is why 160 thousand tons of ore with high gold contents were lost underground. Similarly left untapped all oxidized ore located in the upper levels, in the oxidation zone.

criticizes
Much of the holding companies engaged in small-scale miners and miners, calling it anti-technical and irrational. However, have been them, the miners, who in the past 50 years have been responsible for developing all of this mineral, it was not exploited by foreign companies, despite them whether they have technology to do so.

Regarding oil, it must be emphasized that in the initial stage of the operation of the oil fields of northeastern Ecuador, Texaco and Gulf companies, began the exploitation of our oil like crazy, without observing rates gives the technical production, especially in the Lago Agrio field. As a result of this exploitation, some wells in this field is tapered, water shifted to oil in an irreversible process, losing large amounts of oil in the ground. This issue was reported to the country in the First National Convention of Oil (1974), which led to the operating companies have to perform the operation by observing the technical rates.

Today one wonders, which stay in the country of exploitation of gold, and he's staying in the exploitation of oil.

SADC in Portovelo reported to have exploded 200 tons of gold (a figure that will never be known exactly, for she never performed the control and oversight of the company by the State). But so that the country remained mines were nearly exhausted, only in recent years have discovered new reserves, "a polluted environment and hundreds of workers tuberculosis and silicosis.

northeastern Ecuador The situation is even sadder. During the 20 years that Texaco operated in the country, managing more than 1000 million barrels of oil. During that time a larger amount of formation water contaminated with salt, chemicals and heavy metals was thrown into the environment, you have to add water after rainfall exceeds the oil pools located next to the wells. This oil-laden water streams reached and streams in the area and polluting the whole environment.

The consequences of this barbarism are suffering many of the ethnic, tribal and settlers living near the oil fields as the Cofan, Tetetes, Sequoia, Yumbos. All rivers and streams are polluted area like the environment, so gas is burned., Etc. As is known to all these atrocities committed because Texaco has been prosecuted internationally. Also

is paradoxical that the people of Shushufindi, which is located on the largest oil field we have had for the amount of reserves and production of oil, does not have potable water, sewage and like all peoples of the northeast has emerged at the edge of roads and grown without any planning and zoning.

If the current government invited foreign capital to invest in the field of hydrocarbons and mining, you must first strengthen the Regulation and Control Agencies of the hydrocarbons and mining, and especially to departments and Control control with new, specialized technical personnel, to perform the control and supervision of the activities of domestic and foreign companies are keeping our non-renewable resources and the country's sovereignty

CREATION ECO-MINING TOWN:

These examples should make us reconsider all Ecuadorians, especially the agencies responsible for planning and management of the country such as Senplades, Provincial Councils, Municipalities and some ministries. In Ecuador can not repeat what happened in the mines of Portovelo, Nambija, Ponce Enriquez and Chinapintza, places where at the initial stage without any planning plastic tents were built on the sites, and then small towns that until now, no most essential services.

mining planning should be based on existing mineral reserves underground. The amount of technical reserves determines the daily and annual production of one or more minerals and the life of the reservoir.

Wealth in metallic and non-metals in the south east, allowing planning to build one or more modern cities, ecological and sustainable in the provinces of Zamora Chinchipe and Morona Santiago. In this region there are vast plains, located near the belts of mineral deposits of copper, molybdenum and gold-silver located on the western flank of the mountain range of El Condor, as well as the confluence of the rivers Zamora and Nangaritza. Cities in the jungle, as units administrative and housing, would be surrounded by national parks and reserve areas located along the rivers Zamora, Quimi, Manchinatza, Bomboiza and others, as well as natural forests located on the eastern flank of the Cordillera Real and the Cordillera Condor.

The first inhabitants of these cities must be natives of the area, belonging to the Shuar and Achuar and settlers in the region. The first, to be benefiting from mining should also be them.

metallic mineral reserves of the south east, which join the metal ore concentrates exploited in the rest the country, allow for planning the installation of a metallurgical factory, Biohydrometallurgy to produce tons of refined copper per day for 100 years or more, and another to produce 500 000 ounces of gold and 1 million ounces of silver annually for 60 years. Also in the region, is built cement factories, special concrete sewer pipes at the site of Izimanchi, two factories to produce flat glass and derivatives Huayzimi sites and Lemon Indanza and several ceramic factories and ornamental rocks spread throughout the region.

The initial amount of non-renewable resource stocks south east, has an equivalent the order of 150 billion dollars, which will provide the cities that plan, of a modern network of highways, main roads realized Puerto Bolivar, Loja-Zamora-Zaramiritza (Peru) and Zamora-Zumba-Jaén (Peru), an international airport, a dam and a hydroelectric plant to provide potable water and energy to the mining facilities and cities, as well as modern hospitals, schools, a research institute of geological and mining-metallurgical etc., etc.

This Macro Project, which is geographically linked the provinces mentioned above, will create thousands of jobs in extraction stage, tens of thousands of jobs in the transformational stage and hundreds of thousands of jobs in marketing, distribution and use of inputs mining and other activities related to the development of the region and country. The exploitation and industrialization of these resources must be planned on a global basis, and consider this area in the south east as a new pole of development. Projects must be developed in a planned and sustained, under the centralized management of an institution.

November 10, 2009

How Long Will I Live With Stage 5

BLACKOUTS! ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION AND MINING OPERATIONS IN ECUADOR

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By: Vicente Encalada (Eng Geologist).

The small mining businesses are served by the interconnected national grid and the five main operations of a small-scale mines, operating on the basis of power from this system and the removal or extraction depends on electric compressors, the locomotives to transport electric charging batteries, exhaust ventilation and electric blowers, drain pump uses electric and natural lighting, carbide lamps have only been to ignite fuses.

The benefit of mineral, including crushing, grinding, classification, concentration, pulp thickening and stirring up sand and tailings transport depends on electric motors from 5 HP to 80 HP (3.75 to 60 kW).

The rationing blackouts, silence the mining camps and night shifts actually flattens the silent darkness. Not just the world ... is to produce, get off "breakers" waiting for the reconnection, the novella was left half-box, hermit life does not collapse as shown by the news the next day on the perturbation of the city or think to blame the President, not by coincidence that at this time was promulgated regulations for mining and industry-friendly opening, simply because the small mining "has made itself", solving the problems of technology with incredible mills, built infrastructure and led the network access interconnected fronts cost miners (penalty pay).



Miners are unique, are "far" .... NO!. Are the same Ecuadoreans have left to survive the ideological network of dependency, just waiting for the authorities to provide hospitality. Have learned to "trust their own efforts" are freed from the fear that has led to urban middle class and poor the city to rely on government budgets and private businesses. The miners are freed from political patronage to drop various forms of aid delivery, spreading the hope of change from above.

mining work moved continuously with stable energy network system facilitates the activity to the point of having established a new bond of dependency blocking of using hydro, wind and solar, offered by the peculiar relief of the mining areas.

The mining district of Portovelo and Zaruma was activated by hydroelectric power plants of the Yellow River and El Pache, abandoned in the eighties by INECEL plans, not tried to maintain let alone expand generating capacity. This same policy pushed the abandonment of hydro generation in Piñas, including the destruction of the central mini Indanza Limón, Mendez, Sucua, Macas, and others in the Amazon area, built with great effort and few tools for religious missions, the arrival of road access did not extend the possibility of improving these projects to generate low-cost, cleaner, offered facilities for the technical office with large trucks arrived to install stationary sources of pollution diesel-burning machines and produce the modern thermoelectrics.

dependence has ideology of technocracy subtly copying and imitation, the seventies was the era of major projects, Ecuador had to follow the same track, there are many mega projects in a INECEL who died between roles also buried by the owners of the country that discovered the great business of the shortage caused by drought in summer, covered very profitably by the barges of Guayas.

The country's hydroelectric potential has become a myth like the mining potential. The multiple potential from finding the tip of the thread to unleash the ball and open the curtain on new horizons?

Now the editors and presenters of newspapers, radio and television blame the government and the government of the past, the most innovative call upon the eve of the announced change, the rains abate the discomfort, if not raining mineritos "that will do?

Ponce Enríquez, 08 November 2009.

Why I Wore Red Lipstick Shirt

THE PRESIDENT CORREA DECIDE FOR MINING AND SETTLEMENTS VISIT SMALL MINERS. Technical Report

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By: Vicente Encalada (Engineering Geologist)

After approval of the Legislative Committee in January 2009 Mining Law according to the new constitutional principles of 2008, the mining started pending the promulgation of the regulation according to the legal structure of Ecuador is responsible to the Presidency of the Republic, was the term very loosely be exceeded more than four months of law, without appearing the above and longed regulation.

Good news! President Rafael Correa breaks the tedious waiting with great force in the week of 20 to 24 October, introduced on the public agenda the discussion of mining issues, begins with a visit to the self-titled first canton Ponce Enríquez mining, surveying underground workings mining company Golden League; attends the Zamora province where local authorities and the population is polarized with respect to mining and culminates with Saturday's media chain.



Clearly the President expressed the government's decision to promote mineral development over the opposition of his former allies, environmentalists and some social movements, stating that Ecuador is a country with mining and among other arguments reminiscent of the paradoxical statement attributed to Mr. Humboldt ¨ Ecuador is a poor country sitting on a gold bench ¨ (In Peru, says the German scholar made the same claim on the country), expressed surprise at the large number of occupation generated by small-scale and artisanal mining and social immobility of the sector against opponents that few but very skilled estimated to assemble protest rallies. Committed government involvement in training and development bank credits to artisanal and small scale, in order to make responsible mining without contamination and without affecting in particular the sources of water, even loudly ordered the brand new sectoral Secretary , close a mine to meet the demand of a delegation of the site's Lopez.

resorted to the argument of lack of technology edge to explain the "smart" government decision to encourage the entry of foreign firms until the new State mining company created to acquire the relevant technical skills and can operate autonomously, but did not indicate the areas or sites of "bank gold "would be reserved for this entity.

The President has been very direct in supporting the exploitation of gold deposits of the Northern Fruit Association Aurelian - Kinross (the advertised discovery world's biggest miner of 2008), as a curiosity to learn the business of roles in stock it is recommended to revise the price change and stock movement of these companies during the past two years.

The forum opened by President Correa in the Ponce was interesting the complaint made by a "mine" about the exorbitant rates of contribution for the holders of concessions for the San Gerardo (Ponce Enriquez) charge to operating units , - which there is a true partnership mining. This issue was also responsible for resolving the Carolina Mr. Bernal, a professional who replaces the Secretary for Mines Dr. Jose Serrano, currently President of the famous Anti Corruption Commission of Government. It is worth remembering that the mining of San Gerardo was closed for environmental violations, on the eve general election (June 2009) by Dr. Jose Serrano, then reopened a plant in order for constitutional protection to not having followed "due process" and now all work is in full operation by decision of the new official .

is commendable attitude of government to define its position on the controversial mining issue, even when the indigenous social movement after a lifting test, very cautiously accepts discuss the water issue that has entwined with mining.

It should raise a warning flag to clarify the government and the public that the "gold mine" is to be built and will only be true when you count mine sites of proven reserves sufficient and bankable studies approved, ready to support a large-scale industrial process, the four or five mineral deposits deemed more feasible to produce a short time (four years ) will not generate significant resources to change the national macroeconomy. There is much skill on the part of companies to announce figures in hundreds of billions of dollars without telling the billions of dollars it will cost to operate and benefit the mineral, forgetting the production period, while very important parameter in mineral economics and public finance. Today in global mining projects are considered major gold mining stocks which have more than 3 million ounces and copper projects with a higher production rate to 100,000 tons daily. (In Peru are on the waiting list projects porphyry copper mine more than 200,000 tons a day).

recognition and support for small-scale mining, does justice to a sector that is injecting wealth upward from local communities and creating employment for thousands of Ecuadorians mass with little potential for being unskilled labor. For the first time a President recognizes and makes a decision to train and fund this unique productive mining, processing plant in an environmentally and socially responsible industry.

President Correa announced a strict challenge away with the use of mercury from gold mining, Salta conservative response: impossible! But if we remember that in the Inca and early colonial times was used ovens and methods huayras. If this historical fact is added to existing techniques with different methods of gravity concentration machines, simple techniques of acid leaching and torches that can easily reach high temperatures, then you may not use mercury to recover gold and native bulk solution is in the hands of professionals and practical miners.

Train a productive sector that has been built also, adding to everyday experiences, needs a lot of technical skill, social and educational programs and long-term persistent, we are all responsible for changing the small-scale mining, we a single force to position the Ecuadorian mining as a productive sector responsible.

Making Ecuadorian mining coordinated efforts may contribute to the national macro economy but let's not much hope that oil will replace the figures in the national GDP.

President Correa has given strong encouragement to mining miners is now time to respond with corrective actions for responsible mining accepted by communities and citizens.

promoters industrial mining should be further research in the field, develop feasibility studies and bankable projects, promote their projects hopefully not go beyond the truth and act responsibly away from the social and political manipulation.

small-scale miners must appropriate training, methodologies and techniques to adopt environmentally friendly and act responsibly as members of local communities and not as strangers in search of adventure wealth as the only trophy.

Look mining with optimism and objectivity!

Quito, October 2009.